What are the causes and risk factors?
The main cause of COPD is smoking. This includes both active smoking and passive smoke inhalation. According to recent studies, this does not only apply to cigarette smoking; smoking THC and shisha can also lead to lung damage [2]. Only 10-20% of those affected have never smoked in their lives.

Other risk factors may include [3]:
– Genetic predispositions (e.g.: alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency).
– Occupational inhalation of dusts (e.g. mining)
– Air pollutants (e.g. sulphur dioxide, dust)
– Respiratory infections in childhood
– Premature birth

Non-medication therapy
Physical activity in everyday life as well as physical training are of high relevance for those affected, regardless of the stage of the disease, as they have a positive influence on the course of the disease. However, the training should be adapted to the individual conditions. No specific type of sport is recommended. Everything depends on the personal motor and mental conditions. Together with the doctor, the best possible recommendation can then be tailored.

One possible form, for example, would be pulmonary exercise, which can be prescribed by doctors [4]. This is a form of exercise therapy that does not improve lung function, but strengthens the overall performance of the muscles, body and cardiovascular system. The exercise sessions are adapted to the disease and its severity.

Another central form of therapy is smoking cessation programmes. Non-smokers have a better prognosis with regard to the further development of symptoms. They suffer less from coughing, can breathe more freely and feel fitter.

Other non-drug therapies include education, rehabilitation programmes and nutritional counselling, as well as preventive vaccinations.